Changing trend of incidence and mortality of stomach cancer during 2010-2016 in Henan Province, China / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To estimate stomach cancer incidence and mortality in Henan, 2016 and analyze the trend of stomach cancer incidence and mortality from 2010 to 2016. Methods: Stomach cancer related data in 2016 was extracted from Henan cancer registration and follow-up system. All data were qualified in validity, reliability and completeness according to the Guideline on Cancer Registration in China and International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC/IACR). The incidence and mortality of stomach cancer were estimated by areas, gender and age based on the quality data and the registered population data of Henan province in 2016. The epidemic trend of stomach cancer was also been evaluated based on the age-standardized incidence and mortality by Chinese population (ASR China) from 2010 to 2016. Results: In 2016, the estimated incident cases of stomach cancer were 44 311. The incidence was 41.07/100 000, ASR China was 30.17/100 000, ASR by world population (ASR world) was 30.36/100 000, and the cumulative incidence rate was 3.84%. The incidences of male and female were 55.65/100 000 and 25.35/100 000, respectively. Meanwhile, 32 927 people died of stomach cancer in Henan. The mortality was 30.52/100 000, ASR China was 21.45/100 000, ASR world was 21.54/100 000, and the cumulative mortality was 2.53%. From 2010 to 2016, both the ASR China for incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in Henan showed a steady downward trend. In rural, the ASR China for incidence and mortality decreased rapidly, while the stable trend was observed in urban. Nevertheless, the incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in rural were still higher than those in urban. Conclusions: The incidence and mortality of stomach cancer in Henan province showed steadily declining trend from 2010 to 2016, and the geographical distribution difference between rural and urban areas was gradually narrowing. However, the disease burden was still high in 2016.

Changing trend of incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer during 2010-2016 in Henan Province, China / 中华肿瘤杂志

Objective: To estimate the incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer in 2016 and their changing trend during 2010-2016 according to the cancer registration data in Henan province. Methods: The data quality including completeness, validity, and reliability of local registries which submitted the cancer registration data of 2016 were assessed according to the criteria of Guideline on Cancer Registration in China and IARC/IACR. Esophageal cancer cases (ICD10: C15) were extracted from the database, and the incidence and mortality stratified by gender, age, and areas (urban/rural) were calculated, the incidence and mortality of provincial cancer were estimated combined with provincial population data. China's 2000 census population and Segi's population were used to calculate the age-standardized rate. Joinpoint model was used to estimate the changing trend of age standardized incidence and mortality along with the calendar year. Results: Approximately 40.10 thousand new esophageal cancer cases were diagnosed in Henan in 2016, accounting for 13.46% of all new cancer cases, and it ranked the third among cancer of all sites. The crude incidence of esophageal cancer was 37.21/100 000 with an age-standardized incidence rate by China standard population (ASIRC) of 26.74/100 000 and an age-standardized incidence rate by world standard population (ASIRW) of 27.12/100 000. The incidence of esophageal cancer in males was higher than that in females, with the ASIRC of 34.53/100 000 and 19.19/100 000, respectively. It was higher in rural areas than that in urban areas, with the ASIRC of 28.13/100 000 and 20.90/100 000, respectively. About 29.30 thousand deaths of esophageal cancer in Henan in 2016, accounting for 15.61% of all cancer deaths in Henan, which ranked the third among cancer of all sites. The crude mortality rate was 27.14/100 000 with an age-standardized mortality rate by China standard population (ASMRC) of 18.74/100 000 and an age-standardized mortality rate by world standard population (ASMRW) of 18.78/100 000. The mortality in males was higher than that in females, with the ASMRC of 24.78/100 000 and 13.12/100 000, respectively. It was also higher in rural areas than that in urban areas, with the ASMRC of 19.48/100 000 and 15.73/100 000, respectively. The ASIRC and ASMRC were declining with annual percent change (APC) of 3.12% (APC=-3.12%; 95%CI: -5.30%, -0.90%; P=0.015) and 2.47% (APC=-2.47%; 95%CI: -4.70%, -0.20%; P=0.039) during 2010-2016. However, the significant declining trend was only observed in rural areas in Henan, and the changing trend was same between males and females. Conclusions: The incidence and mortality of esophageal cancer are declining since 2010, however, the disease burden remains large in Henan. Therefore, comprehensive prevention and control efforts should be strengthened according to its epidemic characteristics and risk factors.

Clinical Research of Qingkailing Injection in Adjuvant Treatment of Sepsis and Heat Syndrome in Children / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Qingkailing injection in the treatment of children with sepsis and heat syndrome， and investigate its anti-inflammatory， anticoagulant and protective effects. Method:Eighty patients were randomly divided into control group and observation group with forty cases in each group according to the number table. Both groups received comprehensive treatment measures such as fluid resuscitation， anti-infection， anti-inflammatory， anticoagulation， vasoactive drugs， and protection of vital organ functions. While patients in observation group additionally took Qingkailing injection， 5-10 mL each time， intravenous drip after dilution， 1 time/day. Treatment course was five days in both groups. Before and after treatment， the scores of quick sequential organ failure assessment （qSOFA）， pediatric critical illness score （PCIS） and acute physiology and chronic health evalution Ⅱ （APACHEⅡ） were graded； procalcitonin （PCT）， serum amyloid A protein （SAA） before and after treatment， heparin-binding protein （HBP）， tumor necrosis factor-<italic>α</italic> （TNF-<italic>α</italic>）， high-sensitivity C-reactive protein （hs-CRP）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， IL-10， N-terminal brain sodium Peptide precursor （NT-proBNP）， high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T （hs-cTnT） level， cardiac troponin I （cTnI）， creatine kinase isoenzyme （CK-MB）， <italic>D</italic>-dimer （<italic>D-</italic>D ）， fibrinogen （FIB） and antithrombin Ⅲ （AT-Ⅲ） levels were detected. Result:The APACHEⅡ and qSOFA scores in the observation group were lower than those in the control group （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， while the PCIS score was higher than that in the control group （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The levels of PCT， SAA，HBP，TNF-<italic>α</italic>， hs-CRP and IL-6 in the observation group were lower than those in the control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， while the IL-10 level was higher than that in the control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. The levels of NT-proBNP， hs-cTnT， cTnI， CK-MB， <italic>D</italic>-D and FIB in the observation group were lower than those in the control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）， while the AT-Ⅲ activity was higher than that in the control group （<italic>P</italic><0.01）. Conclusion:Qingkailing injection as the adjuvant therapy in children with sepsis and fever syndrome， can play the role of anti-inflammatory， anticoagulant， reducing infection and myocardial damage， thereby reducing the severity of the disease and improving the prognosis.

Home-based Early Intervention on Auditory and Speech Development in Mandarin-speaking Deaf Infants and Toddlers with Chronological Aged 7-24 Months / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Early auditory and speech development in home-based early intervention of infants and toddlers with hearing loss younger than 2 years are still spare in China. This study aimed to observe the development of auditory and speech in deaf infants and toddlers who were fitted with hearing aids and/or received cochlear implantation between the chronological ages of 7-24 months, and analyze the effect of chronological age and recovery time on auditory and speech development in the course of home-based early intervention.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This longitudinal study included 55 hearing impaired children with severe and profound binaural deafness, who were divided into Group A (7-12 months), Group B (13-18 months) and Group C (19-24 months) based on the chronological age. Categories auditory performance (CAP) and speech intelligibility rating scale (SIR) were used to evaluate auditory and speech development at baseline and 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months of habilitation. Descriptive statistics were used to describe demographic features and were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>With 24 months of hearing intervention, 78% of the patients were able to understand common phrases and conversation without lip-reading, 96% of the patients were intelligible to a listener. In three groups, children showed the rapid growth of trend features in each period of habilitation. CAP and SIR scores have developed rapidly within 24 months after fitted auxiliary device in Group A, which performed much better auditory and speech abilities than Group B (P < 0.05) and Group C (P < 0.05). Group B achieved better results than Group C, whereas no significant differences were observed between Group B and Group C (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The data suggested the early hearing intervention and home-based habilitation benefit auditory and speech development. Chronological age and recovery time may be major factors for aural verbal outcomes in hearing impaired children. The development of auditory and speech in hearing impaired children may be relatively crucial in thefirst year's habilitation after fitted with the auxiliary device.</p>

High risk factors of brain metastases in 295 patients with advanced breast cancer / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>The incidence of brain metastases in patients with breast cancer is approximately 10% - 16%, and survival after diagnosis of brain metastases is usually short. This study was designed to evaluate the risk factors associated with brain metastases in advanced breast cancer patients, with a view to help predict patient groups with high risk of brain metastases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In total, 295 patients with advanced breast cancer were evaluated. All patients were pathologically confirmed and metastatic lesions were confirmed pathologically or by imaging. All patients were examined at least once every 6 months with head CT or MRI. Patients showing symptoms underwent immediate inspection, and brain metastatic lesions were confirmed by head CT and/or MRI.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At a median follow-up of 12 months from the occurrence of metastases, brain metastases had occurred in 49 patients (16.6%). In our univariate analysis, variables significantly related to increased risk of brain metastases were hormone receptor-negative tumors, epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive tumors, and multiple distant metastases. Patients with dominant tumor sites in soft tissue, or defined as Luminal A subtype, tended to have a lower risk of brain metastases than patients with visceral metastases, Luminal B subtype, triple-negative subtype or HER2-enriched subtype tumors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Our results strongly suggest that factors such as Luminal B, triple-negative, and HER2-enriched subtypes are high risk factors for brain metastases. These data, therefore, provide pivotal clinical evidence towards a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors of brain metastases in advanced breast cancer patients.</p>

Trend and prediction on the incidence of pancreatic cancer in China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze and predict the incidence trends and burden of pancreatic cancer from 2008 to 2015.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Registration data on pancreatic cancer of cancer registration in 1998 - 2007, were retrieved and utilized for analyzing the annual incidence of pancreatic cancer. Age-standardized rate by Chinese population (ASR) was calculated, using the direct method. JoinPoint software was applied for trend analysis. Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort Modeling Prediction Package was used to estimate age, period and cohort effects as well as to predict the incidence rates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From 1998 to 2007, the annual incidence for men and women in urban areas showed an increase of 1.86% and 2.1% per year, but the increasing trend on the age-standardized rate was not obvious in both men and women. However, the incidence rates for men and women in rural areas increased by 7.54% and 7.83% and the age-standardized rates increased by 4.82% and 5.48% per year.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>from the projection model showed that the trends were mainly caused by age, period and cohort effects. Based on the analysis, up to 2015, the annual new cases of pancreatic cancer would be 103 428 (60 500 for males and 42 928 for females), with 15 277 cases more than that of 2008.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There appeared an increasing trend of pancreatic cancer incidence which was more significant in the rural areas than the slowly increasing trend in the urban areas. The increasing trend of pancreatic cancer would be slow until the year 2015. However, in the short term pancreatic cancer is still a major cancer.</p>

Incidence and mortality of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer in China, 2009 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the incidence and mortality of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer in cancer-registration areas of China in 2009.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We collected data about incidence of oral cavity and pharyngeal from 72 cancer registry sites of National Central Registry Database in 2009, covering 85 470 522 person (57 489 009 were from urban areas, 27 981 513 were from rural areas).Incidence and mortality rates, proportions, cumulative rate (0-74 years old), cut rate (35-64 years old), age-specific rate were then calculated and analyzed respectively. The age-standardized rate was calculated and adjusted by the Chinese standard population in 1982 as well as the Segi's world standard population.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 2803 new diagnosed oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer cases, 1793 male and 1010 female, with the sex ratio at 1.78: 1. The crude incidence rate of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer was 3.28/100 000(2803/85 470 522). The crude incidence rate of males was 4.15/100 000(1793/43 231 554) while it was 2.39/100 000(1010/42 238 968) among females. The age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population (ASIRC) and the world standard population were 1.72/100 000 and 2.23/100 000 respectively, and the cumulative rate and cut rate was separately 0.26% and 4.02/100 000. The crude incidence and ASIRC of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers were 3.87/100 000 (2225/57 489 009) and 1.97/100 000 in urban areas, whereas in rural areas, they were 2.07/100 000(578/27 981 513) and 1.17/100 000. There were 1172 death cases, including 825 males and 347 females. The crude mortality rate was 1.37/100 000 (1172/85 470 522), while it was 1.91/100 000(825/43 231 554) among males and 0.82/100 000(347/42 238 968) among females. The age-standardized incidence rates were 0.64/100 000 and 0.88/100 000 respectively, by Chinese standard population (ASMRC) and the world standard population. The cumulative mortality rate (0-74 age years old) and cut rate were separately 0.10% and 1.34/100 000. The mortality and ASMRC were 1.59/100 000(915/57 489 009) and 0.72/100 000 in urban areas, whereas in rural areas, they were 0.92/100 000(257/27 981 513) and 0.48/100 000 respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Both the incidence and mortality of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer in China were still low in 2009.</p>

Analysis of cancer incidence and mortality in Henan province, 2009 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the cancer incidence and mortality of Henan province in 2009.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>On basis of the criteria of data quality from the National Central Cancer Registry (NCCR), data from 6 registries in Henan province were evaluated, covering 6 061 564 people, accounting for 6.45% of the total population in Henan in 2009. There were 3 104 991 people of males, and 2 956 573 people of females. The incidence, mortality, 10 most common cancers, constitution and cumulative rate (0-74 years old) were then calculated. The age-standardized rate was calculated and adjusted by the Chinese standard population in 1982 as well as the Segi's world standard population.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 12 091 new diagnosed cancer and 8040 death cases registered in Henan province in 2009. The rate of pathological diagnosis was 68.2% (8246/12 901) and only 1.75% (2116/12 901) had death certificates. The ratio of mortality and incidence was 0.66 (8040/12 091). The incidence rate was 199.47/100 000 (12 091/6 061 564) in total, and it was 216.36/100 000(6718/3 104 991) in males and 181.73/100 000(5373/2 956 573) among females. The standardized incidence by Chinese population was 126.50/100 000 and it was 166.08/100 000 by world's population. The cumulative rate was 19.95% between 0 and 74 years old. The incidence was the highest in Linzhou city, whose standardized incidence was 156.87/100 000 by Chinese population and the incidence was the lowest in Shenqiu city, whose standardized incidence was 104.82/100 000 by Chinese population. The morphology verified cases accounted for 68.2% (8246/12 091), death certification cases only accounted for 1.75% (2116/12 091), and mortality to incidence ratio was 0.66 (8040/12 091). The crude incidence in cancer registration areas of Henan province was 199.47/10 000 (12 091/6 061 564), 216.36/10 000(6718/3 104 991) for males, 181.73/10 000 (5373/2 956 573) for females, age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population and by world standard population were 126.50/10 000 and 166.08/10 000 with cumulative incidence rate (0-74 age years old) of 19.95%. The crude mortality in cancer registration areas of Henan province was 132.64/100 000 (8040/6 061 564), separately 160.58/100 000 (4986/3 104 991) for males and 103.30/10 000 (3054/2 956 573) for females. The age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population and by world's standard population were 78.41/10 000 and 107.49/10 000. The cumulative mortality rate (0-74 age years old) was 12.18%. The mortality rate was the highest in Linzhou city, whose standardized rate was 93.35/100 000 by Chinese population, and the lowest mortality rate was in Yuzhou city, whose standardized rate was 67.95/100 000. The most common cancers were lung cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, rectum cancer, brain nervous system cancer, colon cancer, cervical cancer and uterus cancer, all of which accounted for 82.23% (9943/12 091) of the registered cancers.Lung cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, rectum cancer, brain nervous system cancer, pancreas cancer, colon cancer and gallbladder carcinoma were the major causes for the death, accounting for 86.30% (6938/8040) of all cancer deaths.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Both incidence and mortality of cancer in Henan province were lower than the level in China, prevention and control should be implemented based on practical situation.</p>

Prediction of temporal trends in gastric cancer mortality in Linzhou city from 1988 to 2010 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the temporal trends in the mortality rate of gastric cancer during the period of 1988 and 2010, and to predict the gastric cancer mortality between 2016 - 2020.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data of gastric cancer mortality in Linzhou city between 1988 and 2010 was extracted from the cancer registry, including a total of 11 714 cases, covering 22 447 073 person-years. The mortality rate of gastric cancer of each 5-year period was calculated by sub-site and gender. Age-standardized rate (ASR) was calculated using the Chinese standard population in 1982. Intrinsic estimator (IE) model was used to fit the mortality trend by sub-site and gender, and to predict the mortality of gastric cancer in Linzhou city between 2016 and 2020.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From 1988 to 2010, the gastric cancer mortality in Linzhou city was 52.18/100 000 (11 714/22 447 073) with the ASR at 49.23/100 000; the mortality in male was 67.02/100 000 (7678/11 455 512) with ASR at 68.68/100 000 while the mortality in female was 36.72/100 000 (4036/10 991 561) with ASR at 32.12/100 000. The mortality of cardia carcinoma was 27.87/100 000 (6257/22 447 073) with the ASR at 26.37/100 000; while the mortality of non-cardia carcinoma was 24.31/100 000 (5457/22 447 073) with the ASR at 22.86/100 000. The ASR of gastric cancer during 1988 - 1990 was 63.37/100 000 (1653 cases) and decreased by 28.34%, to 45.41/100 000 (2622 cases) during 2006 - 2010. The IE model showed that the birth cohort effect decreased greatly. The mortality risk of cardia carcinoma in population born after 1950s, decreased significantly; and the mortality risk of non-cardia carcinoma in population born in 20 century continually decreased. The death of gastric cancer among the population over 30 years old was predicted to be 3626 cases, increasing by 40.60% compared with the number between 2006 and 2010 (2579 cases). Among them, the mortality of cardia carcinoma increased by 51.89% (predicted number between 2016 and 2020 was 2456 cases, and 1617 cases between 2006 and 2010), and the mortality of non-cardia carcinoma increased by 21.62% (predicted number between 2016 and 2020 was 1170 cases, and 962 cases between 2006 and 2010).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The mortality rate of gastric cancer in Linzhou city showed a decreasing trend during the period of 1988-2010, being mainly attributed to the cohort effect. However, the mortality will still increase in the future, between 2016 and 2020.</p>

Time trends in esophageal cancer mortality in Linzhou city in 1986 - 2010 and future prediction / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the trends in mortality of esophageal cancer and explore the effects of age, period and cohort on esophageal cancer mortality rate in Linzhou city in 1986 - 2010, and predict the mortality of esophageal cancer in 2016 - 2020.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All of the esophageal cancer-attributed deaths in 1986 - 2010 were drawn from the database in Center of Cancer and Vita Statistics in Henan Province. The numbers of the death cases and population were tabulated into 5-year age groups and 5-year period groups for each sex and linked each other. The age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated by direct standardization to the Chinese population structure in 1982. Intrinsic estimator model (IE model)was used to perform the age-period-cohort analysis and estimate the corresponding parameters. Age effect, period effect and cohort effect on esophageal cancer mortality rate was plotted separately. The mortality of esophageal cancer during 2016 - 2020 was predicted according to the parameters by that model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 15432 cases died from esophageal cancer in Linzhou city in1986 - 2010. The overall crude mortality rate was 63.89 per 100, 000. Among men, the age-adjusted mortality rate was 109.66 per 100, 000 during 1986-1990 and decreased to 60.59 per 100, 000 during 2006 - 2010. For women, the age-adjusted mortality rate decreased from 74.72 per 100, 000 to 39.05 per 100, 000 at the same two calendar periods. The IE model showed that age effect was remarkable, the period effect was stable and the cohort effect decreased greatly. The predicted mortality of over 30-years old population during 2016 - 2020 is 1501 for men and 1083 for women. Compared with 2006 - 2010 period the mortality will be decreased by 6.71% and 11.08%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The mortality rate of esophageal cancer in Linzhou city shows a decreasing trend during the period of 1986 - 2010. This trend is mainly attributed to the cohort effect. The predicted mortality in the future will decrease continually.</p>

A population-based matched case-control study on the risk factors of gastric cardia cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find the major risk factors associated with gastric cardia cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We selected five high incidence areas of esophageal cancer and gastric cancer which have cancer registration system, i.e. Cixian and Shexian of Hebei Province, Linxian of Henan Province, Feicheng of Shandong Province and Zhuanghe of Liaoning Province. Fifty newly diagnosed cases of cardiac cancer after January 1, 2008 were selected from each cancer registration database. A uniform questionnaire, which was fully consulted by experts, was used. Population-based 1:3 case-control study was conducted in those areas. The study recruited 250 cases of cardiac cancer and 750 matched controls, which were investigated with the uniform questionnaire. The data were statistically analyzed by fitting-conditional Logistic analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Smoking, passive smoking, alcohol drinking, irregular meal, improper dining posture, heavy taste, dried food, pickled food, fried food, hot food, gastrointestinal history, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can increase the risk of cardiac cancer. To eat more bean and high BMI are protective factors of the single factor logistic analysis. Gastrointestinal history (OR = 42.899), dried food (OR = 5.932), irregular meal (OR = 4.911), hot food (OR = 4.144), pickled food (OR = 3.287), passive smoking (OR = 2.355), and GERD (OR = 1.930) can increase the risk of cardiac cancer, eat more bean (OR = 0.254) and BMI ≥ 25 (OR = 0.492) are protective factors of the mixture factors logistic analysis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Gastric cardia cancer is caused by environmental risk factors and genetic factors. Health education in high cardiac cancer incidence areas and primary prevention popularized into people's daily life will be beneficial to decreasing the incidence of gastric cardia cancer.</p>

Analysis of risk factors for upper gastrointestinal cancer in China: a multicentric population-based case-control study / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the major risk factors for upper gastrointestinal cancer in high occurrence areas of esophageal and gastric cancer in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four high occurrence areas of esophageal cancer, namely Cixian and Shexian from Hebei province, Linxian from Henan province, Feicheng from Shandong province, and Zhuanghe from Liaoning province, which is a high occurrence area of gastric cancer, were selected for the study. The newly-diagnosed cases whose date of onset were after January 1st, 2009 were selected from the Cancer Registration Database in each district, and 751 cases diagnosed as cancers in lower segment of esophagus, cardiac and other subsite of stomach were randomly recruited. 2253 matched controls were selected to pair the cases at the ratio of 3:1. The relative information of the study objects were collected from the face-to-face interviews with trained staff by designed questionnaires, and the data was input by EpiData software. Statistic software SPSS 13.0 was applied to conduct both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate odd ratios (OR) and 95% confident interval (CI).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>As univariate analysis shown, 66 objects in case group had irregular diet habit; while 90 in control group had (OR = 3.177; 95%CI: 2.127 - 4.745). A higher percentage in case group (83 objects) preferred fried food in comparison with only 214 in control group did (OR = 3.190; 95%CI: 2.061 - 4.927). 369 objects in case group, but only 119 in control group had history of gastrointestinal diseases (OR = 14.660; 95%CI: 11.342 - 18.948). 282 objects in case group had history of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which was much higher than the percentage in control group (432 objects), with OR = 3.137 (95%CI: 2.546 - 3.864). All the above factors could increase the risk for upper gastrointestinal cancer. 387 objects in case group and 1278 in control group reported they preferred fresh vegetables in daily diet, which was found to be a protective factor (OR = 0.609; 95%CI: 0.473 - 0.785). As multivariate analysis shown, history of gastrointestinal tract diseases (OR = 21.420; 95%CI: 15.484 - 29.632), irregular food diet (OR = 3.097; 95%CI: 1.740 - 5.514), pickled food (OR = 3.005; 95%CI: 1.873 - 4.819), and GERD (OR = 2.261; 95%CI: 1.673 - 3.057) were found to be risk factors for upper gastrointestinal cancer; while frequent fresh-vegetable diet was a protective factor (OR = 0.562; 95%CI: 0.396 - 0.800).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Irregular lifestyle and unhealthy diet habit could be the major risk factors for upper gastrointestinal cancers among the residents from high occurrence areas of esophageal cancer and gastric cancer in China.</p>

A descriptive analysis of mortality of brain tumor in China during 2004 - 2005 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the level of mortality of brain tumor and its changes at different periods in China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Death records for tumor of brain and central nervous system, which the code of international classification of diseases-10 (ICD-10) were C70-C72, were extracted from the database of the Third National Retrospective Sampling Survey of Death Causes in China during 2004 to 2005. The corresponding population data was linked to the data of death records, that the total population was 142 660 482 person years (72 970 241 person years in male, 69 690 241 person years in female). Then crude death rate, age-specific death rate, the constitute proportion to all death caused by tumor and the age-standardized death rate were calculated by taking reference of Chinese standard population or the world standard population. The indexes of mortality were compared with that of previous retrospective surveys of death causes at 1973 - 1975 and 1990 - 1992.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The result showed that during 2004 to 2005, the number died from brain tumor was 4463 and the crude death rate in China was 3.13/100 000, which accounted for 2.30% of the all number died from tumor (193 841 cases). The age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population was 2.37/100 000 and the age-standardized death rate by the world standard population was 2.90/100 000. Of which, there were 2556 death cases for males with crude death rate of 3.50/100 000. While for females, the crude death rate was 2.74/100 000 (1907 death cases). Age-standardized death rates by Chinese standard population in male and female were 2.71/100 000 and 2.03/100 000 respectively. The age-standardized death rate by world standard population was 3.31/100 000 for male and for female that was 2.48/100 000. The age-specific death rate of brain tumor in China was increasing as age growing. The crude death rates were 3.78/100 000 (1809/47 899 806), 2.80/100 000 (2654/94 760 676), and the age-standardized death rates by Chinese standard population were 2.71/100 000 and 2.20/100 000 for urban and rural area respectively, and the crude death rates of brain tumor in east, middle and west region were 3.60/100 000 (1894/52 556 694), 3.14/100 000 (1565/49 781 225), 2.49/100 000 (1004/40 322 563). The age-standardized death rates by Chinese population were 2.57/100 000, 2.43/100 000 and 2.02/100 000. Compared to the data in the first survey during 1973 to 1975, in which the crude death rate was 1.13/100 000 and age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population was 1.10/100 000, the crude death rate and age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population were increased by 176.99% and 115.45% respectively. While compared with the second survey during 1990 to 1992, that crude death rate was 1.89/100 000 and age-standardized death rate by Chinese standard population was 1.74/100 000, the rising percent of the rates were 65.61% and 36.21% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The level of mortality of brain tumor has been changing with an increasing trend from the period of 1973 - 1975 to the period of 2004 - 2005. The rate in male was higher than that of female with great diversity in different areas in China.</p>

Period survival analysis of esophageal cancer in Linzhou city of Henan province / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the survival level and variation of esophageal cancer in Linzhou city of Henan province from 1988 to 2004, and evaluate the effects of diagnosis and treatments on esophageal cancer in this area.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All incidence and death records for esophageal cancer during 1988 to 2004 were collected from Linzhou Tumor Registry. Cases with duplicate information or death certificate only were excluded. A total of 12,160 cases of esophageal cancer were collected, of which, 6914 cases were male, and 5246 cases were female. The sex-specific and age-specific probabilities of survival in 1992, 1997 and 2002 were calculated and linked to the data of incidence and death on esophageal cancer in this area. Five-year observed survival rate and five-year relative survival rate during 1990 to 1994, 1995 to 1999, 2000 to 2004 were calculated respectively using period survival analysis and cohort survival analysis and Z test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 5-year relative survival rates among the three-episode were 28.24%, 35.24% and 40.76% respectively during 1988 to 2004. This showed an increasing trend by periods (Z values were 3.94 and 3.07, P < 0.05). The 5-year observed survival rates in men among the three-episode were 13.67%, 18.08% and 22.46% respectively, the 5-year relative survival rates were 29.94%, 36.96% and 38.40%. The 5-year observed survival rates in women among the three-episode were 15.56%, 19.29% and 28.01% respectively, the 5-year relative survival rates were 26.78%, 33.12% and 43.70%. During the two former periods, there was no significant difference in the 5-year observed survival rate and relative survival rate between men and women (Z values of observed survival rate were 1.48 and 0.88, P > 0.05. Z values of relative survival rate were 1.27 and 1.50, P > 0.05). In the third period, the 5-year observed survival rate and relative survival rate in women was higher than that in men (observed survival rate Z = 3.56, P < 0.05; relative survival rate Z = 2.09, P < 0.05). The relative survival rate that calculated using period method (respectively 35.24% and 40.76%) was higher than that using cohort method (respectively 28.77% and 33.35%) from 1995 to 1999, and from 2000 to 2004.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The survival rate on esophageal cancer in Linzhou city was increasing in the three different periods. This indicated a rising status in the secondary prevention and clinical diagnosis and treatments on esophageal cancer.</p>

Prevalence and etiology of people with hearing impairment in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence and etiology of people with hearing disability in China and to provide evidence for development of related prevention and treatment strategies.Methods Using the statistics and inference from data of the Second China National Sample Survey on Disability.Results 27.80 million people were diagnosed with hearing disability,including 20.04 million with pure 72.08%)and the rate was 11.04% among the elderly(accounting for 73.57%).The prevalence of hearing disability was higher in males than in females as well as higher in the rural than in the urbans.Sufferers were mainly engaging in agriculture with poor education background.Among all the people with hearing disability,Grade Ⅲ and Ⅳ was accounted for 73.42% but among the elderly,they were accounted for 79.13%.Grade Ⅰ andⅡwas accounted for 67.36% among children aged four to six and 83.90% in children aged below three.Speech disabilities were more than 70% in aged below six.The whole etiology contains presbyeusis,unknown causation and tympanitis with primary causes as heredity,pregnant virus infection,neonatal asphyxiation,drug-induced deafness,premature delivery and low birth avoirdupois,other than unknown deaf among the 0-6 year olds.However,the primary causation would include presbyeusis,tympanitis,sickness,noise/detonation and drug-induced deafness for the elderly.Conclusion Active prevention on presbycusis with emphasis on prevention and cure to rural population was important in reducing the venture of hearing disability.Related consultation on genetic factors was another measure to be taken to prevent hearing disability developed in the newborns.

The trends on the mortality for esophagus and stomach cancers in Linzhou city from 1988 to 2003 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Using the data on death for esophagus and stomach cancers in Linzhou cancer registration system, the mortality was described as well as the changing trend was analyzed.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>18 240 death recorders for the both cancers during 1988 to 2003 were drawn from Linzhou cancer registration system. Of which, 10138 cases were esophageal cancer and 8102 cases were gastric cancer. Then data were stratified by sex, age, year and then linked to demographic classifications. The mortalities of two topographic site cancers were calculated and the age-adjusted rates were calculated by direct standardization to the world population. The Joinpoint model was used to get the estimated annual percent change (EAPC) of the age-adjusted rates, so to estimate the death rate change trends of both cancers in population of Linzhou city.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In 2003, the age-adjusted mortalities of esophageal cancer and gastric cancer were 68.47 per 100,000 and 57.01 per 100,000 respectively of Linzhou city. From 1988 to 2003 the death rates for both of cancers had showed the decline trends. The EAPC of the mortality for esophageal cancer was -3.82 (-4.81 - -2.82, P < 0.001) and that for gastric cancer was -2.95 (-4.16 - -1.73, P < 0.001) respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The declining trend in was observed the mortality of esophageal and gastric cancer in Linzhou by this study.</p>

Application of capture-recapture method in the malignant tumor death registry / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To estimate the number of death from malignant tumor and to assess the completeness of cancer registry data using the capture-recapture method.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data about death form malignant tumor were collected during the period of 2004 and 2005 from cancer registry, civil administration and police registries in Linzhou. Cases in every source were matched on the address, name, sex, ID card, date of death, cause of death. A 3-source log-liner poisson model was used to estimate the real number of death from malignant tumor during the period of 2004 and 2005 in Linzhou.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The real number of death from malignant tumor that estimated by capture-recapture method was 3140 (95% CI: 3124 - 3161) during 2004-2005 year in Linzhou. Underreported number by source linkage was 71. Log-liner model demonstrated positive dependence between the 3 sources, implying that 2-source model would underestimate missing cases. Using the mortality number estimated by the capture-recapture as the denominator, under-reporting rate of cancer registry was 6.6%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is feasible to estimate the real number of death from malignant tumor and to correct data bias by applying the capture-recapture method.</p>

Descriptive analysis of incidence and time trends of esophageal and gastric cancers in Linzhou city / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the incidence and time trends of esophageal and gastric cancers in Linzhou city bassed on the data of Linxian Tumor Registry, and to provide valid reference data for research and effective estimation of cancer control in this area.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All incidence records for the both cancers during 1988-2003 were drawn from Linzhou Tumor Registry and grouped by sex, age, year and then linked to corresponding population data. The incidence rates of those two topographic site cancers were calculated and the age-adjusted rates were calculated by direct standardization to the world population. A joinpoint model was used to get the annual percentage change (APC) of the age-adjusted rates, and to estimate the epidemiological trends of both cancers in population of Linzhou city.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the year 2003 the age-adjusted incidence rates of esophageal and gastric cancers were 81.78 per 100 000 and 77.08 per 100 000, respectively, in the population of Linzhou city. The incidence rate of both cancers showed a decreasing trend from 1988 to 2003. The APC of the incidence rates of esophageal cancer was - 2.6% and that of gastric cancer was - 1.8%, and both indexes were statistically significant (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The incidence rates of esophageal and gastric cancers have presented a decreasing trends in the population of Linzhou city. This trend will continue along with the development of social economy, elevation of living standard and improvement in living habit and environment.</p>

Pegylated interferon alpha 2a in treating chronic hepatitis B patients / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pegylated interferon alpha 2a (PEG-IFN alpha-2a) in treating patients with chronic hepatitis B.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Seventy-two patients with chronic hepatitis B were assigned to a PEG-IFN alpha-2a (experimental) group (n=42) and an interferon alpha (control) group (n=30) randomly. Each patient in the experimental group received 180 microg PEG-IFN alpha-2a every week. Each patient in the control group received 500 MU interferon alpha every day. All the patients were treated for 48 weeks, and then were followed for another 48 weeks with no treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At the end of the 12th week, the rate of HBeAg negative cases was 30% in the PEG-IFN alpha-2a group, which was much higher than in the control group (x2 = 4.162, P < 0.05). The values of HBeAg and the log value of HBV DNA in the PEG-IFN alpha-2a group were much lower than the values before the treatment (t = 2.689, t = 4.080, P <0.01), but there was no difference between before and after treatment in the control group ( t = 1.229, t = 1.009, P > 0.05). At the end of the 24th week, the rate of HBeAg negative cases in the PEG-IFN alpha-2a group was much higher than that in the control group (x2=6.190, P < 0.05). The value of HBeAg and the log value of HBV DNA in the PEG-IFN alpha-2a group were much lower than in the control group (t=2.215, t=2.122, P < 0.05). At the end of the 48th week, besides the reduction mentioned above, the rate of cases with HBeAg/antiHBe seroconversion and normalization of ALT and complete responsiveness in the PEG-IFN alpha-2a group were all much higher than those in the control group (x2=5.771, x2=5.617, x2=5.308, P < 0.05). At the end of 48 weeks with no treatment, all the parameters mentioned above in the PEG-IFN alpha-2a group were much better than those in the control group and they remained so, but they were different in the control group (x2=11.943, t=3.439, t=6.111, x2=9.930, x2=9.522, x2=7.920, P < 0.01). Nine patients in the PEG-IFN alpha-2a group had liver biopsies before their treatment and also at the end of their treatment. The expressions of HBsAg and HBcAg were decreased at the end of the treatment. The rate of expression of HBsAg in the liver tissues before the treatment was 88.9% but only 22.2% at the end of the treatment (x2=8.001, P < 0.01). The rate of expression of HBcAg in the livers before treatment was 66.7% but only 33.3% at the end of the treatment. Before and at the end of the PEG-IFN alpha-2a treatment, there were no significant changes in the degrees of inflammation and fibrosis and the quantity of collagen in the liver tissues. Three patients in the PEG-IFN alpha-2a group (10%) were HbsAg negative. Two of them were found so at the end of 32 weeks with treatment and one patient was found at the end of 24 weeks with no treatment, but there were no HBsAg negative patients in the control group. The adverse reactions that occurred in the PEG-IFN alpha-2a and in the control groups were similar.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PEG-IFN alpha-2a was effective in inhibiting HBV replication. The effect of PEG-IFN alpha-2a was lasting. PEG-IFN alpha-2a was well tolerated during our treatment.</p>

A cross-sectional study on prevalance and risk factors of disabilities in aged 0-6 years children in Beijing, China / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the epidemiological status of disabilities on vision impairment (VI), hearing loss (HL), mental retardation (MR), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and motor disorder (MD) in aged 0-6 years old children in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 28 738 children under 7 years old were recruited from permanent residents of Beijing City by 2-phase cluster sampling. The screening procedure was 2-phase, and the diagnosis criteria were developed by the experts group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall disability rate was 11.45 per thousand (95 % CI:10.22-12.68). The false negative rates in HL and ASD were 0.14 per thousand, 0.80 per thousand, respectively, with a adjusted overall rate of 12.19per thousand. The prevalence rates of different kind disabilities from high to low were MR 9.31per thousand, MD 2.12per thousand, ASD 1.53per thousand (0.73per thousand before adjusted), HL 1.04per thousand (0.91per thousand before adjusted) VI 0.73per thousand. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the possible non-biological risk factors for those disabilities were being male, living in city area, advancing age, mother with low education, mother engaged in labor work, and family with low income. It was primarily (49.62%) those prenatal factors other them the known suspected factors that causing disabilities.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Compared with data from a countrywide study in 1987, the overall disability rate had a mild decrease (16.36%) with the most (56.85%) appeared in HL. It is indispensable to establish a disabilities surveillance program for the early recognition and intervention of children with disabilities. It is also crucial to clarify a disability definition for children combined with their characteristics of growth and development. We strongly recommended in developing a new definition on children' disabilities and establishing new criteria according to the contents of developmental disabilities of Center for Disease Control, USA.</p>